Lipolytic methods

ABSTRACT

Compositions, formulations, methods, and systems for treating regional fat deposits comprise contacting a targeted fat deposit with a composition comprising long acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist and a compound that reduces desensitization of the target tissue to the long acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, for example, glucocorticosteroids and/or ketotifen. Embodiments of the composition are administered, for example, by injection, and/or transdermally.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.14/328,652 filed Jul. 10, 2014, which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 13/204,423, filed Aug. 5, 2011, which is acontinuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/763,030, filed Apr. 19,2010, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/457,436,filed Jul. 13, 2006, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,829,554, which claims thebenefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/699,155, filed Jul. 14, 2005, U.S. Provisional Application No.60/729,531, filed Oct. 24, 2005, and of U.S. Provisional Application No.60/732,981, filed Nov. 3, 2005, the entire contents of each of which arehereby incorporated by reference herein and made part of thisspecification.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This disclosure relates generally to medical treatment, and moreparticularly to the treatment of fat deposits.

2. Description of the Related Art

Adipose tissue is the primary energy storage tissue of the body. Fatcells, or adipocytes, store this energy in the form of triglycerides.Triglycerides are mobilized from fat stores to provide caloric energy tothe body through hormonal induction of triglyceride hydrolysis. Thisprocess releases free or non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol intothe blood for use by other body tissues. The breakdown of triglyceridesfrom fat store is referred to as lipolysis. Growth of new adipocytesalso occurs, which is referred to as adipogenesis.

Weight loss programs involving exercise can stimulate lipolysis throughadrenergic stimulation resulting in fat reduction. Primary hormones andneurotransmitters that control lipolysis in the body are thecatecholamines. Adipose tissue has beta-1, 2, and 3 adrenergic receptorsand alpha-2 adrenergic receptors. Binding of beta agonists to betareceptors in adipose tissue can result in adipocyte lipolysis, whilebinding of alpha receptor agonists can inhibit lipolysis. Beta receptoractivation can also inhibit adipogenesis. In humans, the beta-2 receptorare often the most abundant on fat cell surfaces and the primarymediator of beta receptor-stimulated lipolysis. Stimulation of lipolysisby beta agonists is mediated by adenylate cyclase and increasedformation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP, cAMP).

Accumulation of fat stores can occur unevenly in the body. For example,persons may accumulate fat predominantly in the abdominal cavity whileothers predominately in the subcutaneous tissue. Gender differences mayalso be apparent with women accumulating fat in the thighs and lateralbuttocks and males in the waist. Women may accumulate fatty deposits ofthe thighs, which have a rumpled or “peau-de-orange” appearance,resulting in a condition referred to as cellulite. Cellulite may berelated to skin architecture which allows subdermal fat herniation,sometimes referred to as adipose papillae. Other factors that may berelated to cellulite include altered and/or reduced connective tissueseptae, vascular and lymph changes that lead to fluid accumulation, andinflammation. Fat tissue may also accumulate in the form of a fibrousfatty deposit known as a lipoma.

Similarly, utilization of fat stores may occur unevenly. Persons whohave lost substantial weight may still have regional pockets of fataccumulation that are resistant to reduction unless unhealthy extremesof weight loss are achieved. Exercise may affect subcutaneous fat storesdifferently, with deeper tissues responding with lipolysis andsuperficial stores being more resistant. Cellulite may also still bepresent despite weight loss, and lipomas are typically not affected byweight loss.

Differential utilization of fat stores may be in part due to the actionof adrenergic receptors. Thus, certain regions may have higher alpha-2receptor activity or a higher number of alpha-2 receptors relative tobeta-2 receptors, leading to a reduction of lipolysis. Studies haveshown a difference in lipolytic activity in response to beta adrenergicreceptor stimulation in adipose tissue of the omentum versus thesubcutaneous abdomen versus the thigh, with the omentum having thehighest activity and the thigh having the lowest activity. Thedifferences in lipolytic activity can be abolished by the addition of analpha-2 receptor antagonist, suggesting that excessive alpha-2 receptoractivities is a cause for lower lipolytic response to adrenergicstimulation in different adipose tissue regions.

Delivery of adrenergic active ingredients into the subcutaneous tissue,both beta agonists and alpha-2 antagonists, has been proposed and hasbeen shown to result in regional fat loss and improved appearance ofregional fat accumulations. For example, isoproterenol 11 and yohimbine8 have been shown to reduce the thigh circumference in women. Thesestudies required subcutaneous injections of beta agonists three to fivetimes per week in multiple locations over the thighs. This is notpractical as a commercially viable product for regional fat loss andwould cause significant discomfort to the patient. Because theselipolytic agents, especially the beta agonists, are short-acting and maybe rapidly removed from the adipose tissue, the lipolysis is likely tohave occurred for only a short time after the injection thereby reducingthe potential magnitude of the effect despite the multiple injections.Additionally, long term exposure of adipocytes to beta agonists resultsin receptor desensitization and down regulation, and a loss of lipolyticactivity. Means to reduce or prevent these effects on the receptor mayalso improve the therapy.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Compositions, formulations, methods, and systems for treating regionalfat deposits comprise contacting a targeted fat deposit with acomposition comprising long acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistand a compound that reduces desensitization of the target tissue to thelong acting beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist, for example,glucocorticosteroids and/or ketotifen. Embodiments of the compositionare administered, for example, by injection, and/or transdermally.

Some embodiments provide an injectable formulation for adipose tissueaccumulation comprising: a long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist; a compound for reducing desensitization of adiposetissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist; and a liquid carrier.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist is lipophilic. In some embodiments, the long actingselective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist comprises at least one ofsalmeterol, formoterol, salts thereof, and solvates thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound for reducing desensitization of thetarget tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist comprises aglucocorticosteroid. In some embodiments, the compound for reducingdesensitization of the target tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptoragonist comprises an antihistamine. In some embodiments, the compoundfor reducing desensitization of the target tissue to a beta-adrenergicreceptor agonist comprises a glucocorticosteroid and an antihistamine.In some embodiments, the compound for reducing desensitization of thetarget tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist comprises at leastone of dexamethasone, prednisolone, fluticasone proprionate, budesonide,ketotifen, and analogs thereof.

In some embodiments, the liquid carrier comprises a lipophilic liquidcarrier.

In some embodiments, at least one of the long acting selective beta-2adrenergic receptor agonist and the compound for reducingdesensitization is loaded on a sustained release agent. In someembodiments, the sustained release agent comprises at least one of abiodegradable polymer, a biodegradable copolymer, a hydrogel, and aliposome. In some embodiments, the sustained release agent comprisespoly(lactide glycolide). In some embodiments, an active ingredientloading on the poly(lactide glycolide) is up to about 75%.

Some embodiments comprise at least one of salmeterol, a salt thereof,and a solvate thereof; and fluticasone.

Some embodiments comprise at least one of formoterol, a salt thereof,and a solvate thereof; and budesonide. Some embodiments comprise atleast one of salmeterol, formoterol, salts thereof, and solvatesthereof; and ketotifen.

Other embodiments provide an injectable formulation for treating fataccumulation comprising: at least one long acting selective beta-2adrenergic receptor agonist; a means far reducing desensitization of thetarget tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist; and a liquidcarrier. In some embodiments, the at least one long acting selectivebeta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist comprises at least one of salmeterol,formoterol, salts thereof, and solvates thereof.

Other embodiments provide a method for treating a fat accumulationcomprising: contacting a fat accumulation with a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount of a long acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptoragonist; and contacting a fat accumulation with a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount of a compound for reducing desensitization of thetarget tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist comprises at least one of salmeterol, formoterol, saltsthereof, and solvates thereof.

In some embodiments, the compound for reducing desensitization of thetarget tissue to a beta-adrenergic receptor agonist comprises at leastone of a glucocorticosteroid, dexamethasone, prednisolone, fluticasoneproprionate, budesonide, and ketotifen.

In some embodiments, at least one of the long acting selective beta-2adrenergic receptor agonist and the compound for reducingdesensitization is loaded on a sustained release agent.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 agonist comprisessalmeterol and the pharmaceutically effective amount of salmeterol is upto about 100 μg/day. In some embodiments, the long acting selectivebeta-2 agonist comprises formoterol and the pharmaceutically effectiveamount of formoterol is up to about 50 μg/day.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist and the compound for reducing desensitization aredelivered substantially simultaneously. In some embodiments, at leastone of the long acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist andthe compound for reducing desensitization is delivered by single needleinjection. In some embodiments, at least one of the long actingselective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist and the compound forreducing desensitization is delivered by needleless injection. In someembodiments, at least one of the long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist and the compound for reducing desensitization isdelivered transdermally.

Other embodiments provide a method for reducing adipose tissuecomprising: administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of acompound, wherein the compound increases beta-2 adrenergic receptors ina region of adipose tissue; and administering a pharmaceuticallyeffective amount of a selective long acting beta-2 receptor agonist tothe region of adipose tissue, thereby resulting in the region of adiposetissue exhibiting at least one of lipolysis and inhibited adipogenesis.

In some embodiments, at least one of the administering the compound andthe administering the beta-2 receptor agonist is performed lessfrequently than once per day.

Other embodiments provide a method for treating regional fataccumulations or cellulite comprising: administering to a regional fataccumulation or cellulite a composition comprising: a long actingselective beta-2 agonist; and at least one of a glucocorticosteroid andketotifen, wherein the composition exhibits sustained lipolytic activitythereby promoting lipolysis in the regional fat accumulation orcellulite.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 agonist comprisesat least one of salmeterol, formoterol, salts thereof, and solvatesthereof.

Some embodiments provide a controlled release formulation comprising acontrolled release carrier, a long acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist, and a glucocorticosteroid. The controlled releasecarrier reduces fat in the treatment of regional fat accumulation. Insome embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 agonist is salmeteroland/or formoterol. In some embodiments, the controlled release carrieris a biodegradable polymer. In some embodiments, the biodegradablepolymer is comprises lactide and glycolide. In some embodiments, thebiodegradable polymer is formulated as a microparticle. In someembodiments, the glucocorticoid is fluticasone, budesonide, and/ordexamethasone. In some embodiments, at least a portion of theformulation is delivered to the fat accumulation through a needlelessinjection device. In additional embodiments, the needleless injectiondevice promotes the lateral spread of the formulation in the fataccumulation.

Some embodiments provide a method for reducing adipose tissue bytreating a region of fat involves the administration ofpharmacologically effective amounts of a glucocorticosteroid orketotifen to a region of fat. The glucocorticosteroid or ketotifenincreases the beta-2 adrenergic receptors on the adipocytes in the fatregion, thereby improving the lipolytic activity and/or adipogenesisinhibition of a co-administered selective long acting beta-2 receptoragonist to the regional fat accumulation.

In some embodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 agonist issalmeterol. In some embodiments, the pharmacologically effective amountof salmeterol is up to about 100 micrograms per day. In someembodiments, the long acting selective beta-2 agonist is formoterol Insome embodiments, the pharmacologically effective amount of formoterolis up to about 50 micrograms per day.

Some embodiments provide a method for treating a region of fatcomprising administering a pharmacologically effective formulationcomprising a lipophilic, substantially selective beta-2 receptor agonistwith sustained adrenergic activity in adipose tissue, thereby causingsustained lipolysis. Some embodiments of the method further compriseco-administering a glucocorticosteroid or ketotifen to further sustainand enhance lipolysis. Some embodiments of the method further compriseadministering the formulation less than once each day.

Some embodiments provide a method for treating regional fataccumulations or cellulite comprising administering a compositioncomprising a long acting substantially selective beta-2 agonist, and aglucocorticosteroid or ketotifen. Embodiments of the method promotelipolysis in resistant fat tissue and exhibit sustained lipolyticactivity, thereby reducing regional fat accumulation and improving theappearance of cellulite.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates adipocyte lipolysis.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

Embodiments of pharmaceutical compositions, formulations, methods, andsystems achieve regional fat, adipose tissue, and adipocyte reductiontherapy through adrenergic system modulation. As used and/or citedherein, the term “modulation” is generally used in its usual sense, andmore particularly to refer to adrenergic receptor agonism, adrenergicreceptor antagonism, and/or changes in receptor signaling pathways. Oneexample of a change in receptor signaling pathways includes an increasein cyclic AMP, for example as illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. Insome embodiments, modulation refers to receptor upregulation or anincrease in the number of adrenergic receptors, a decrease in receptordeactivation or sequestration, receptor activity changes (for example,an increase in activity), and/or changes in receptor affinity.

It is believed that some embodiments of sustained modulation ofadrenergic receptors in adipose tissue result in some combination ofsustained lipolysis, reduced lipid content of the adipocyte, reducedadipocyte cell size, reduced adipose tissue mass or fat accumulation,and/or improved cosmetic appearance. Some embodiments provide selectivereduction of regional and/or subcutaneous accumulations of adiposetissue and adipocytes, including cellulite, through sustained adrenergicmodulation. Sustained adrenergic modulation result in sustainedinhibition of fat cell proliferation (adipogenesis) in some embodiments.In some embodiments, the composition is useful for treating celluliticfat accumulation and/or lipomas.

Embodiments of the disclosed pharmaceutical compositions comprise one ormore long acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists incombination with one or more compounds that reduce desensitization ofthe target tissue to the beta-adrenergic receptor agonist(s), forexample, glucocorticosteroids or ketotifen, or analogs thereof. The termdesensitization includes both short term desensitization(tachyphylaxis), as well as long term desensitization, as well asdesensitization over other time periods. Beta-2 adrenergic receptoragonists are also referred to herein as “beta-2 agonists” and “beta-2receptor agonists.” Unless otherwise specified, references to beta-2adrenergic receptor agonists also include their analogs, physiologicallyacceptable salts and/or solvates known in the art. Some embodiments ofthe composition comprise from about 100:1 to about 1:100 long-actingselective beta-2 agonist to glucocorticosteroid.

As discussed above, lipolytic activity and adipocyte proliferationinhibition are believed to be mediated through modulation of adrenergicreceptors in adipose tissue and/or on adipocytes. In some embodiments,the reduction therapy is enhanced through prolonged exposure orsustained activity of one or more adrenergic receptor agonists and/orreceptor pathway stimulating compounds known in the art, for example,catecholamines, beta agonists, alpha antagonists, forskolin,aminophylline, analogs thereof, or combinations thereof.

Some embodiments provide sustained adrenergic modulation through the useof pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more long-actingsubstantially selective beta-2 receptor agonists. Some embodiments ofthe sustained activity pharmaceutical composition comprise one or moresuitable long-acting, selective beta-2 agonists known in the art, forexample, salmeterol 1, formoterol 2, bambuterol 3, physiologicallyacceptable salts or solvates thereof, or combinations thereof.

Sustained adrenergic modulation is not observed in the subcutaneousdelivery of typical adrenergic compositions because the adrenergiccompound is generally rapidly removed from the adipose tissue throughthe blood and/or lymph. Furthermore, long-term exposure of adiposetissue to adrenergic agents, particularly beta receptor agonists, isbelieved to result in receptor desensitization through receptorphosphorylation and sequestration. It is believed that these effectslimit the ability of an adrenergic modulating composition to treatadipose tissue and result in tachyphylaxis, a condition in which thebody experiences a rapidly decreasing response to the agonist followingadministration of the initial doses, to the desired lipolytic andanti-adipogenesis effect. Consequently, the treatment effect is shortlived and frequent dosing is required.

Short-acting beta-2 agonists often result in tachyphylaxis, as discussedabove. However, because preferred embodiments of long-acting selectivebeta-2 agonists have substantially selective beta-2 receptor activityand high lipophilicity, the activities of long-acting beta-2 agonistscontinue for longer periods of time in adipose tissue compared withshort-acting beta-2 agonists. Partial beta-2 receptor antagonistactivity prevents desensitization that can occur with continuousexposure of adipocytes to full adrenergic agonists. Consequently,long-acting selective beta-2 agonists exhibit a reduced tachyphylaxis.Compared with short-acting beta-2 agonists, lipolysis also occurs for alonger time after administration because long-acting selective beta-2agonists have longer half-lives. The combination of longer half-livesand activities reduces the frequency of administration of thepharmaceutical compositions. Consequently, in some embodiments, dailyadministration of the composition is not required. Moreover, preferredembodiments of long-acting selective beta-2 agonists also exhibitgreater selectivity for beta-2 receptors, permitting substantiallysimilar therapeutic effects compound with short-acting beta-2 agonistsat a lower dosage.

As discussed above, lipolysis and/or inhibition of adipogenesis arestimulated by the beta-1, 2, or 3 receptor subtypes. Thus, agonists toone, two and/or all three receptors are capable of stimulating lipolysisand/or inhibition of adipogenesis. In humans, beta-2 receptor activityis believed to be more important fox stimulating lipolysis, particularlyin the presence of an anti-inflammatory steroid or glucocorticosteroid.

Long-acting selective beta-2 agonists, for example, salmeterol 1(±2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-[1-hydroxy-2-[6-(4-phenylbutoxyl)hexylamino]ethyl]-phenol,CAS Reg. No. 94749-08-3), and formoterol 2(±N-[2-hydroxy-5-[1-hydroxy-2-[1-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-2-ylamino]ethyl]-phenyl]methanamide,CAS Reg. No. 73573-87-2), are preferred in some embodiments. Someembodiments of the compositions comprise one or more long-actingselective beta-2 agonists as physiologically acceptable salts orsolvates known in the art, for example, salmeterol xinafoate and/orformoterol fumarate. Those skilled in the art will understand that inmany cases, salts and/or solvates of a beta-2 agonists will have thedesired activity. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, references toan active ingredient, for example, to salmeterol 1, formoterol 2,isoproterenol 4, albuterol 5, fenoterol, and forskolin, include thecompounds themselves as well as a physiologically acceptable analogs,salts, and/or solvates thereof, or combinations thereof.

Some preferred long-acting beta agonists exhibit high intrinsicadenylate cyclase activity, which increase cAMP synthesis. For example,some embodiments comprise formoterol 2 as a long-acting beta-2 selectiveagonist, which exhibits some combination of higher potency, reducedsystemic effects, high intrinsic activation of adenylate cyclase, and/orincreases in cyclic AMP, a mediator of lipolysis.

In some preferred embodiments formoterol 2 is present as aphysiologically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof. Suitablephysiologically acceptable salts of formoterol 2 are known in the art,for example, acid addition salts derived from inorganic and organicacids, such as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate,maleate, fumarate, tartrate, citrate, benzoate, 4-methoxybenzoate,2-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-chlorobenzoate,p-toluenesulphonate, methanesulphonate, ascorbate, salicylate, acetatesuccinate, lactate, glutarate, gluconate, tricarballylate,hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylate, oleate, combinations thereof, and thelike. Preferred embodiments comprise formoterol 2 as its fumarate saltand/or as a dihydrate. Suitable tissue concentration of formoterol 2 foradipose tissue treatment include from about 1 pM to about 100 μM, morepreferably from about 10 pM to about 100 nM.

Some preferred embodiments comprise salmeterol 1 as a long-acting beta-2agonist. Salmeterol 1 exhibits partial agonist activity, which isbelieved to reduce receptor desensitization. In some preferredembodiments salmeterol 1 is present as a physiologically acceptable saltand/or solvate thereof. Suitable physiologically acceptable salts ofsalmeterol 1 are known in the art, for example acid addition saltsderived from inorganic and organic acids, such as the hydrochloride,hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, benzoate,4-methoxybenzoate, 2-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxybenzoate,4-chlorobenzoate, p-toluenesulphonate, methanesulphonate, ascorbate,salicylate, acetate, fumarate, succinate, lactate, glutarate, gluconate,tricarballylate, hydroxynaphthalenecarboxylate,1-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenecarboxylate,oleate, combinations thereof, and the like. Some preferred embodimentscomprise salmeterol 1 as the 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalene carboxylate salt(hydroxynaphthoate). Suitable tissue concentration of salmeterol 1 foradipose tissue treatment ranges from about 1 pM to about 100 μM,preferably from about 10 nM to about 10 μM.

Some embodiments comprise optically pure isomers of the beta adrenergicagonist(s), which improve lipolysis and adipogensis inhibition andreduce potential side effects. In some embodiments, these optically pureisomers allow formulations comprising larger loadings of an activeingredient, for example, by eliminating one or more isomers with nophysiological effect, a lesser a physiological effect, a negativeeffect, and/or an undermined physiological effect. Removing theundesired bounds of a racemic mixture isolates the active isomer, oreutomer, thereby allowing more eutomer to be loaded in a giveformulation by removing the inactive components.

Two stereogenic centers in a molecule generally generate twodiastereomers, referred to herein as (R*,R*) and (R*,S*), and theirenantiomers. Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not enantiomers,that is, the mirror image of one diastereomer is not superimposable onanother diastereomer. Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are mirrorimages of each other. A racemate is a 1:1 mixture of enantiomers. Theenantiomers of the (R*,R*) diastereomers are referred to as the (R,R)and (S,S) enantiomers, which are mirror images of each other andtherefore share some chemical and physical properties, for examplemelting points. Similarly, the (R,S) and (S,R) isomers are enantiomersof the (R*,S*) enantiomer. For example, formoterol 2 is available as aracemate of the (R,R)- and (S,S)-isomers in a 1:1 ratio, typically asthe dihydrate of the fumarate salt. Some preferred embodiments comprisethe (R,R) enantiomer, (R,R)-formoterol, which is more active as along-acting beta-2 agonist. Some embodiments comprise optically pureisomers of other beta-2 agonists, for example, (R)-salmeterol.

Additionally, in some embodiments of the pharmaceutical composition, atleast one long-acting selective beta-2 agonists is highly lipophilic,thereby providing a pharmaceutical composition with sustained activityin fat tissue. It is believed that high lipid solubility extends theresidence time of the beta-2 agonist in the adipose tissue, therebyeliminating or reducing the need for a sustained release and/orcontrolled release carrier in some embodiments. Elimination of asustained release and/or controlled release carrier provides somecombination of simplified formulation, reduced cost, and/or improvedsafety. In formulations comprising a sustained release carrier, forexample, a sustained release polymer, the highly lipophilic of thebeta-2 agonist facilitates incorporation into the sustained releasecarrier, as discussed in greater detail below.

Salmeterol 1 and formoterol 2 have high lipid solubilities, whichextends the residence time in the adipose tissue and/or in one or moreadipose cells. Some embodiments of the composition comprise a highlylipophilic beta agonist, which reduces or eliminates the need for asustained or controlled release carrier due to partitioning andsequestration in the adipose tissue thereby prolonging the treatmenteffect. In some embodiments, beta agonists with an oil-water partitioncoefficient of at least about 1000 or at least about 10,000 to 1 arepreferred. For example, salmeterol 1 is at least 10,000 times morelipophilic than albuterol 5, a short acting hydrophilic beta agonist.Additionally, salmeterol 1 and formoterol 2 have anti-inflammatoryproperties, used in the treatment of cellulite as discussed below. Insome embodiments, they also promote favorable extracellular matrixchanges and reduce fluid accumulation, which improves the treatment ofcellulite and regional fat accumulation.

Sustained activity is further enhanced by preventing desensitization(tachyphylaxis) that can occur with continuous exposure of adipocytes toadrenergic agonists as discussed above. Compounds that reducedesensitization of the target tissue to the beta-adrenergic receptoragonists are referred to generically as “glucocorticosteroids,” althoughthe term encompasses all suitable compounds that reduce tolerance of thetarget tissue to the beta-adrenergic receptor agonists, includingglucocorticosteroids and suitable antihistimines, for example,ketotifen. Glucocorticosteroids are also referred herein as“anti-inflammatory steroids,” “glucocorticoids,” and/or“corticosteroids.” Glucocorticoids are believed to sensitize resistantfat accumulations by increasing the number of beta-2 receptors, therebyfavoring lipolysis or fat reduction over fat storage. Glucocorticoidsare also believed to decrease the number of alpha-2 receptors. Estrogencan induce the expression of alpha-2 adrenergic receptors insubcutaneous adipose tissue in women resulting in a ratio of beta-2receptor to alpha-2 receptor of less than 1. A ratio of beta-2 receptorsto alpha-2 receptors greater than about 1 is believed to cause fatreduction rather than fat accumulation in adipocytes. Some embodimentsof the composition comprising one or more glucocorticosteroids areeffective in treating regions of fat comprising a reduced number ofbeta-2 receptors and or an increased number of alpha-2 receptors, whichare resistant to beta adrenergic stimulation of lipolysis or inhibitionof adipogenesis, for example, subcutaneous adipose tissue, especiallywomen.

The glucocorticosteroid is believed to improve lipolysis, adipogenesisinhibition, and/or regional fat reduction during beta agonist exposure.In some embodiments, treatment of adipocytes with a glucocorticosteroidthat increases lipolytic activity maintains and/or increases bothlipolytic activity and the number of beta-receptors in the targettissue. Examples of suitable corticosteroids include dexamethasone 6,prednisolone, fluticasone proprionate 7, budesonide 8, and theiranalogs. In some preferred embodiments, the glucocorticoid isdexamethasone 6(9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one,CAS Reg. No. 50-02-2) and/or fluticasone proprionate 7. As discussedabove, another preferred compound for reduce desensitization isketotifen 9, which is also useful as an antihistamine. Some embodimentsof the composition comprise one compound that reduces desensitization ofthe adipose tissue to the beta-2 agonist. Other embodiments comprise aplurality of desensitizing compounds, for example, a plurality ofglucocorticosteroids. Some preferred embodiments comprise at least oneglucocorticosteroids and the antihistamine ketotifen. It is believedthat the combination of glucocorticosteroid and ketotifen is moreeffective at reducing desensitization because ketotifen prevents betareceptor sequestration, while the glucocorticosteroid increases thebeta-receptor number, thereby synergistically potentiating the overalleffect on the beta receptor. Analogs of ketotifen are also suitable.

In some embodiments, at least one of beta-2 receptor activity or densityincreases in human subcutaneous adipocytes in response to theanti-inflammatory steroid or ketotifen administration, particularly inthe presence of a beta agonist. In some embodiments, increasing beta-2receptor activity and/or density potentiates the effect of long- andshort-acting beta-2 agonists. Additionally, in some embodiments, it isbelieved that glucocorticosteroid exposure downregulates anti-lipolyticalpha-2 adrenergic receptors, which is particularly beneficial, forexample, in subcutaneous fat, which often has a high number of thesereceptors. Thus, in some embodiments, the glucocorticosteroid sensitizessubcutaneous fat to the effects of beta-2 receptor stimulation,lipolysis, inhibition of adipogenesis, and/or apoptosis, and/orincreases the ratio of beta-2 adrenergic receptors to alpha-2 adrenergicreceptors, thereby shifting the balance of the adipose tissue from fataccumulation to fat loss.

Some embodiments of the composition comprise additional optionalingredients. For example, certain fat accumulations such as celluliteand lipomas comprise fibrous connective tissue. In some situations, itis advantageous to degrade this fibrous connective tissue, for example,to improve the appearance of the overlying skin. Some embodiments of thecomposition comprise an enzyme such as collagenase, which degrades thecollagen in the fibrous connective tissue.

Some embodiments of the composition comprise one or more anti-lipolyticblocking agents known in the art, for example, selective alpha-2receptor antagonists such as phentolamine 10 (CAS Reg. No. 73-05-2) oryohimbine 11 (CAS Reg. No. 146-48-5) block anti-lipolytic effects inregional fat accumulation. Anti-lipolytic effects in adipocytes andadipose tissue are typically observed in subcutaneous and regional areasof fat accumulation. For example, when exposed to beta agonists,subcutaneous fat has a lower lipolytic rate than visceral fat. Exposingsubcutaneous fat to anti-lipolytic blocking agents improves lipolyticactivity in some embodiments.

Some embodiments of the composition comprise other adrenergic agentsthat enhance the effect of the long-acting selective beta-2 agonist. Forexample, aminophylline 12 (1,3-dimethyl-7H-purine-2,6-dione,diethylamine CAS Reg. No. 317-34-0) and theophylline 13 (CAS Reg. No.58-55-9) are lipolytic agent that block the breakdown of cyclic AMP.

Other optional ingredients increase the secondary signals created by thebeta agonist binding. For example, in some embodiments, someembodiments, the composition comprises forskolin 14 (CAS Reg. No.66575-29-9), which stimulates adelylate cyclase, thereby increasing thesynthesis of cyclic AMP initiated by the long-acting beta agonist. Theincreased concentration of cyclic AMP helps sustain lipolytic activity.

Some embodiments of the composition comprise growth hormone incombination with a long-acting beta agonist and glucocorticosteroid,which appears to stimulate lipolysis.

Others embodiments of the composition further comprises one or morenonselective beta agonists, for example, isoproterenol 4, and/orshort-acting selective beta-2 agonists, for example, terbutaline. Somecompositions comprise at least one of an alpha-2 antagonist, orphysiologically acceptable salts or solvates thereof.

Embodiments of the composition are formulated for administered by anysuitable method known in the art, for example, as described inRemington: The Science And Practice Of Pharmacy (21st ed., LippincottWilliams & Wilkins). In some embodiments, the composition is formulatedfor injection of an area at which treatment is desired, for example, ata subcutaneous fat deposit.

Suitable excipients for injectable formulations are known in the art. Insome embodiments, one or more of the beta-2 receptor agonists orglucocorticosteroids are formulated in a liquid carrier, for example, asa solution, a suspension, a gel, and/or an emulsion. Some embodimentscomprise any suitable lipophilic excipient known in the art, forexample, modified oils (e.g., Cremophor® BASF), soybean oil, propyleneglycol, polyethylene glycol, derivatized polyethers, combinationsthereof, and the like. Some embodiments comprise a microparticulateand/or nanoparticulate carrier for at least one of the beta-2 receptoragonists and/or glucocorticosteroids, as discussed in greater detailbelow. Some embodiments comprise one or more sustained or controlledrelease carriers or agents, for example, polymer microspheres.

Injectable formulations are administered using any mean known in theart, for example, using a single needle, multiple needles, and/or usinga needleless injection device. In some embodiments, a tissue loadingdose of the active ingredients formulated in a suitable carrierdelivered by injection. In some embodiments, delivery comprises singleneedle injection. In some embodiments, delivery comprises injectionusing a multi-needle array, which, in some embodiments, provides a widedispersion of the formulation in the target tissue. In some embodiments,formulations are injected in a manner that allows dispersal into theappropriate layer of subcutaneous fat in areas where regional fatreduction is desired, such as the submental region, the waist/hip, thelateral buttocks or thigh, or the periorbital fat regions. In someembodiments, the formulation is injected in aliquots of from about 0.5mL to about 1.0 mL. In some embodiments, aliquots of the formulation areinjected over an area of from about 10 cm² to about 20 cm².

Another delivery mode comprises a needleless pressurized injectiondevice. In some embodiments, of these devices, the formulation ispressurized mechanically or pneumatically, for example, using a gas suchas helium or carbon dioxide, and then forced through a small orificeinto the body tissues, thereby delivering the formulationsubcutaneously. Suitable formulations for needleless injection are knownin the art, for example, liquid, solutions, suspensions, gels, colloids,emulsions, and dry powders. An advantage of this system is a widedispersal area compared with typical needle injection systems.Needleless injection under the appropriate pressure forces theformulation into a more planar delivery pattern, with fingers offormulation spreading out radially following paths of least resistance.In contrast, delivery by a typical needle injection results in aglobular delivery of the formulation. Needleless injection also permitsprecise control of the depth of penetration by controlling the injectionpressure and orifice size. Thus, needleless injection is a preferreddelivery method for a sub-dermal injection of a formulation for treatingsuperficial fat accumulations, which is useful, for example, forsmoothing skin dimpling caused by fat. In some embodiments, needlelessinjection is also used for deeper, sub-dermal sub-fascial injectionstargeting deeper fat accumulations. A needleless device also provideseasy and convenient multiple injections of the formulation over adefined region with a large lateral spread.

In some embodiments, the beta-2 agonist and compound that reducesdesensitization are administered separately, for example, injected asseparate formulations. Co-administration of a beta-2 agonist with acompound that reduces desensitization is preferred in some embodiments,however, because the reduced desensitization is observed only in thepresence of the beta-2 in some cases.

Some embodiments of the formulation comprise one or more sustained orcontrolled release agents known in the art for providing a sustained orcontrolled release of a beta-2 agonist and/or glucocorticosteroid, whichare, for example, encapsulated in, bound to, and/or conjugated to thesustained or controlled release agent or carrier. In some embodiments,biocompatible, biodegradable sustained or controlled releaseformulations provide local tissue activity for weeks to months. Suitablesustained or controlled release agents or carriers are known in the art,for example, polymers, macromolecules, active ingredient conjugates,hydrogels, contaminations thereof, and the like. Some embodiments of thesustained release carrier target fat, for example, liposomes.Preferably, the sustained release materials are selected to facilitatedelivery of a substantially equal amount of the active substance perunit time, particularly over the course of at least about 3 days, moreparticularly at least about 4 days, to up to one year or greater.Several rounds of injections of the sustained release formulation can bemade over time to treat a single area.

In some embodiments, the sustained release agent comprises a polymer,for example, polylactides, polyglycolides, poly(lactide glycolides)polylactic acids, polyglycolic acids, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters,polyetheresters, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polycarbonates,polycyanoacrylates, polyurethanes, polyacrylates, and blends, mixtures,or copolymers of the above, which are used to encapsulate, binds, orconjugate with the active ingredients(s) (e.g., beta agonists and/orglucocorticosteroids). Some preferred embodiments of sustained releasepolymers comprise polyethylene glycol groups to which one or more of theactive ingredients is conjugated. In some preferred embodiments, thesustained release agent comprises poly(lactide glycolide) (PLGA,polylactic-co-glycolic acid)) copolymer 15.

Some embodiments of the sustained release agent comprise one or morehydrogels known in the art, for example, modified alginates. Examples ofsuitable modified alginates include those disclosed in WO 98/12228. Someembodiments of the sustained release agent comprise an albumin-basednano-particle carrier or excipient.

In some embodiments, a formulation comprising a prepolymer solution isinjected into the target tissue site, where it is then polymerized(e.g., by photopolymerization) or solidified (e.g., by using temperaturesensitive gelling materials) in vivo.

In some embodiments, the controlled release materials here releasecharacteristics designed for the particular application of tissuereduction. In some embodiments, the sustained release or controlledrelease agent is formed into microparticles, such as microspheres, whichare formulated as an injectable solution and/or gel. In someembodiments, the microparticles are from about 10 μm to about 100 μm indiameter and generally uniform in size. For example, in someembodiments, formulations comprising alginates and/orpoly(lactide-co-glycolide)s 15 are provided as an injectable gel orprocessed into microspheres using methods known in the art. Otherexamples of suitable injectable biodegradable, biocompatible materialssuitable for microparticle formation include chitosan, dextran,hydroxyapetite, and silicon.

Microspheres and/or microparticles are formed using any method known inthe art, for example, by a solvent evaporation and/or emulsionpolymerization. In some embodiments, the microspheres have averagediameters of from about 5 μm to about 60 μm, preferably, about 20 μm. Insome embodiments, PLGA is manufactured with varying ratios of lactide toglycolide depending on the desired rate of release of the activeingredient(s). Because the rate of degradation of this copolymer isproportional to its crystallinity and the proportion of glycolide in theformulation, non-racemic mixtures of the lactide and/or glycolideincrease crystallinity and slow the rate of degradation. Higherproportions of glycolide increase the rate of degradation. In someembodiments, a ratio of about 65%-75% lactide to about 25%-35% glycolideprovides active ingredients released over from about 2 weeks to about 45days. In other embodiments, the ratio of lactide to glycolide is fromabout 0:100 to about 100:0, thereby providing other release rates.

Some embodiments of the microspheres or microparticles comprise hollowand/or porous interiors. In some embodiments, the microspheres comprisea solid or porous outer shell. Some embodiments of formulationscomprising a porous outer shell and/or micro sphere exhibits a biphasicrelease profile of the active ingredient(s) with an initial releaseburst of the active ingredient(s), followed by a sustained releaseassociated with degradation of the polymeric microspheres. The initialburst loads the tissue with an effective lipolytic/adipogenesisinhibitory concentration of the active ingredient(s), with thesubsequent slower release maintaining the desired concentration. In someembodiments, the different microsphere structures and active ingredientrelease profiles optimize the treatment effect of adipose tissue andadipocytes through adrenergic receptor modulation. In some preferredembodiments, sustained local tissue concentrations of long-actingselective beta-2 adrenergic agents, such as salmeterol 1 and/orformoterol 2 at concentrations of about 10 pM to about 10 μM.

In some embodiments, one or more of the active ingredients areencapsulated, bound, and/or conjugated to the polymer at a ratio ofabout 10-12% by mass compared to the polymer microspheres. The amount ofactive ingredient as a mass percentage of the carrier (e.g.,microparticles or microspheres) is referred to herein as “activeingredient loading.” As used herein, the terms “loaded” and “loading”refer to active ingredients substantially encapsulated bound, and/orconjugated to a carrier. In some embodiments, the active ingredientloading is up to about 75%. Thus, some preferred formulations compriseone or more beta-2 adrenergically active ingredients, such as salmeterol1, formoterol 2, and/or their physiologically acceptable salts andsolvates, loaded on polymer microspheres at about 1 mg to about 20 mg ofactive ingredient per about 10 to about 200 milligrams of polymer. Insome embodiments, a formulation with this active ingredient loading issufficient for providing from about 15 days to about 45 days of activeingredient release at a concentration suitable to produce lipolysisand/or adipogenesis inhibition.

In some embodiments, two or more active ingredients are loaded into thesame microsphere, for example, in a liposome. Thus, some embodiments, apolymer encapsulating a glucocorticosteroid in the adrenergic compoundis delivered simultaneously to the adipose tissue. Alternatively, thetwo active ingredients are loaded on separate microspheres. The twotypes of microspheres are then mixed to obtain a formulation with thedesired ratio of beta-receptor agonist and glucocorticosteroid, thenadministered simultaneously. Alternatively, the two types ofmicrospheres are administered sequentially.

The microspheres comprising the active ingredient(s) are suspended infrom about 10 mL to 20 mL of an appropriate physiologically acceptableliquid carrier. In some embodiments using separate microspheres of theactive ingredients, the microspheres are mixed together in the liquidcarrier. In other embodiments, each type of microspheres is separatelymixed with a liquid carrier. In some embodiments, the microspheresuspension is then injected subcutaneously just below the dermis in 1.0mL aliquots to cover an approximate 2.0 cm² area per mL of themicrosphere suspension, for example, for the treatment of cellulite. Insome embodiments, from about 10 to about 20 injections are administeredto cover an area of from about 20 cm² to about 40 cm². Larger and/orsmaller areas are treated in other embodiments. Alternatively, bolusinjections 1.0 mL to 10.0 mL are injected into fat accumulations, suchas the periorbital regions, submental regions, lateral hips, andbuttocks. Alternatively, injections as described above are madeseparately and sequentially in the same locations using two microsphereformulations encapsulating each active ingredient.

In some embodiments using needleless injection, the microparticulateformulations are injected as suspensions or as the powdered loadedmicroparticles, that is, without a liquid carrier.

In some embodiments, the glucocorticosteroid, such as dexamethasone 6,budesonide 8, and/or fluticasone propionate 7, also act asanti-inflammatory agents thereby reducing inflammation caused byadministration of the formulation, for example, caused by polymers,polymeric microspheres, and/or liposomes in a sustained releaseformulation.

PLGA 15 microspheres encapsulate hydrophobic compounds more readily thanhydrophilic compounds. To increase loading of hydrophilic activeingredients, in some embodiments, the microspheres are modified withpolyethylene glycol units, as discussed above. Microspheres of certainsizes are substantially not absorbed into the blood or removal by lymph,thereby providing release of the active ingredient(s) in the desiredlocation. For example, in some embodiments, the microspheres are fromabout 20 μm to about 200 μm in diameter. In some embodiments, the sizeof the microsphere also affects the release profile of the activeingredient(s) in the tissue. In general, larger microspheres tend toprovide a longer and more uniform release profile.

An exemplary sustained release formulation comprises about 0.5milligrams to about 7.5 milligrams of salmeterol 1 and/or formoterol 2,and about 1.5 milligrams to about 7.5 milligrams of dexamethasone 6,fluticasone propionate 7, and/or budesonide 8 encapsulated in about 100milligrams of polylactide glycolide (PLGA) 15 copolymer microspheres ata ratio of about 70 lactide:30 glycolide. In some embodiments, thecopolymer ratio and active ingredient encapsulation deliver up to about1.0 μg per day of salmeterol 1 and/or up to about 0.5 μg of formoterol,and up to 5 μg per day of fluticasone and/or budesonide 6 per about 1 mgof copolymer for up to about 30 days.

Some embodiments comprise non-sustained release formulations. In someembodiments, the duration of activity of long-acting selective beta-2agonists in non-sustained release formulations, after a signal dose, isgreater than about four hours and preferably up to about 12, or up toabout 24 hours. In contrast, short-acting selective beta-2 agonistsunder similar conditions, have activities of less than about four hoursand is less than about one hour. An exemplary non-sustained releaseinjectable formulation comprises from about 100 μg to about 250 μg ofsalmeterol xinafoate and from about 500 μg to about 1000 μg offluticasone propionate 7 formulated in up to about a 10 mL lipid-basedexcipient such as Cremophor® or equivalent.

In some embodiments, formulations are delivered transdermally using anysuitable method known in the art, for example, as a topically appliedcream or through a patch. Alternatively, other transdermal deliverymeans known in the art are also useful, for example, electrical. Inparticular, long-acting beta-2 agonists, such as formoterol 2,salmeterol 1, or bambuterol 3, and glucocorticosteroids are suited fortopical application to the skin due to their hydrophobicity. Sustainedrelease embodiments of transdermally deliverable formulations areprovided as known in the art, for example, using a biodegradable,biocompatible active ingredient-polymer formulation or liposomeformulation, as discussed above.

While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments havebeen presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit thescope of the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will understand thatthe formulations, methods, and systems described herein may be embodiedin a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions,substitutions and changes in the form of the formulations, methods, andsystems described herein may be made without departing from the spiritof this disclosure. The accompanying claims and their equivalents areintended to cover such forms or modifications.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of treating adipose tissue, subcutaneousfat stores, regional fat accumulation or deposits, uneven fataccumulation in the abdomen in a patient, or cellulite in a patient,comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical formulationformulated for subcutaneous injection by contacting the formulation withthe adipose tissue, subcutaneous fat stores, regional fat accumulationor deposits, uneven fat accumulation in the abdomen, or cellulite, theformulation comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of alipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistselected from the group consisting of salmeterol, formoterol, andbambuterol, or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof orcombination thereof, wherein the formulation is administered to saidpatient less frequently than once per day.
 2. The method of claim 1wherein the lipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptoragonist is salmeterol or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvatethereof.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the salmeterol is salmeterolxinafoate.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein a single dose comprises upto 250 micrograms of salmeterol xinafoate.
 5. The method of claim 1wherein the injectable formulation is delivered by injection using atleast one needle.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein the injectableformulation is delivered by injection using multiple needles or amulti-needle array.
 7. The method of claim 1 wherein the injectableformulation is injected over an area of about 10 cm² to about 20 cm². 8.The method of claim 1 wherein the injectable formulation is delivered byneedleless injection.
 9. A method of reducing excess adipose tissue in anon-obese human patient, or reducing excess subcutaneous fat stores in anon-obese human patient, or reducing excess regional fat accumulation ordeposits in a non-obese human patient, or reducing uneven fataccumulation in the abdomen in a human patient, or reducing cellulite ina non-obese human patient, by administering to said patient apharmaceutical formulation formulated for subcutaneous injection,comprising: a therapeutically effective amount of a lipophiliclong-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist selected fromthe group consisting of salmeterol, formoterol, and bambuterol, or aphysiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof or combinationthereof; wherein the formulation is administered to said patient lessfrequently than once per day.
 10. The method of claim 9 wherein thelipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist issalmeterol or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof. 11.The method of claim 10 wherein the salmeterol is salmeterol xinafoate.12. The method of claim 11 wherein a single dose comprises up to 250micrograms of salmeterol xinafoate.
 13. The method of claim 12 whereinthe method provides an effect that is at least partially cosmetic inimproving the appearance of excess adipose tissue, excess subcutaneousfat stores, excess regional fat accumulation or deposits, uneven fataccumulation, or cellulite in a non-obese human patient.
 14. A method ofreducing excess adipose tissue in a human patient by stimulatinglipolysis or inhibiting adipogenesis, or a combination thereof,comprising administering to said patient a pharmaceutical formulationformulated for subcutaneous injection comprising: an adiposetissue-reducing therapeutically effective amount of a lipophiliclong-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist selected fromthe group consisting of salmeterol, formoterol, and bambuterol, or asalt or solvate, or combination thereof; and wherein the formulation isadministered less than once per day; and wherein the reduction in excessadipose tissue is achieved by a reduction in lipid content of adipocytesor a reduction in adipocyte size, or a combination thereof.
 15. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the lipophilic long-acting selective beta-2adrenergic receptor agonist is salmeterol or a physiologicallyacceptable salt or solvate thereof.
 16. The method of claim 15 whereinthe salmeterol is salmeterol xinafoate.
 17. The method of claim 14wherein the injectable formulation is formulated for non-sustainedrelease of the lipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the non-sustainedrelease of the lipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergicreceptor agonist provides sustained activity for at least 4 hours. 19.The method of claim 17 wherein the non-sustained release of thelipophilic long-acting selective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonistprovides sustained activity for at least 12 hours.
 20. The method ofclaim 17 wherein the non-sustained release of the lipophilic long-actingselective beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist provides sustained activityfor at least 24 hours.